UNIT-II
Que 1. Explain the principles of Emergency Management.
Following are the various principles of Emergency Management
— 1. Comprehensive.
— 2. Progressive
— 3. Risk-driven
— 4. Integrated
— 5. Collaborative
— 6. Coordinated
— 8. Professional
— 1. Comprehensive – emergency managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases, all stakeholders and all impacts relevant to disasters.
— 2. Progressive – emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.
— 3. Risk-driven – emergency managers use sound risk management principles (hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.
— 4. Integrated – emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements of a community.
— 5. Collaborative – emergency managers create and sustain broad relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus (general agreement) , and facilitate communication.
— 6. Coordinated – emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.
— 7. Flexible – emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges.
— 8. Professional – emergency managers value a science and knowledge-based approach based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, and continuous improvement.
Summary for principles of Emergency Management
— Principles provide guidance.
— Emergency management lack a set of principles agreed upon by the practitioners (a person actively engaged in profession).
— The principles must be capable of standing the test of time and use.
— Stuff and things are often difficult to fit into neat categories.
— When tied to principles they have a place where they can now fit.
— When on point, the stuff and things reinforce and provide the detail of the principle.
Que 2. Enlist the International Association of Emergency Managers? Explain any two. (Summer-14, 15)
OR …Explain various International organizations.
Following are the International Association of Emergency Managers
1. Red Cross Crisis Management
2. Junior Red Cross Crisis Management
3. The European Union’s Crisis Management
Red Cross Crisis Management
The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian organization having a network of over 700 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of disasters/emergencies and promotes health & care of the vulnerable people and communities. It is a leading member of the largest independent humanitarian organization in the world, the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement.
The Mission of the Indian Red Cross is to inspire, encourage and initiate at all times all forms of humanitarian activities so that human suffering can be minimized and even prevented and thus contribute to creating more friendly climate for peace.
The fundamental principles
Ø Humanity
Ø Impartiality
Ø Neutrality
Ø Independence
Ø Voluntary Service
Ø Unity
Ø Universality
Junior Red Cross Crisis Management
Children and young person also represent a substantial part of the membership of Red Cross for its humanitarian commitment. Young volunteers can make a significant contribution to meeting the needs of the most vulnerable people within their local communities through Red Cross program. This has been designed to involve young people as much as possible in the movement and its activities not only as workers but also as beneficiaries, and as partners in management.
The European Union’s Crisis Management
“This is a world of new dangers but also of new opportunities. The European Union has the potential to make a major contribution, both in dealing with the threats and in helping realise the opportunities. An active and capable European Union would make an impact on a global scale. In doing so, it would contribute to an effective multilateral system leading to a fairer, safer and more united world.”
EU’s ambition to ‘export peace and security beyond its borders’ .
Que 3. Explain various Indian organizations work on emergency management.
The Indian Red Cross Crisis Management
The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian organization having a network of over 700 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of disasters/emergencies and promotes health & care of the vulnerable people and communities. It is a leading member of the largest independent humanitarian organization in the world, the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement.
The Mission of the Indian Red Cross is to inspire, encourage and initiate at all times all forms of humanitarian activities so that human suffering can be minimized and even prevented and thus contribute to creating more friendly climate for peace.
The fundamental principles
Ø Humanity
Ø Impartiality
Ø Neutrality
Ø Independence
Ø Voluntary Service
Ø Unity
Ø Universality
The Indian Red Cross's programs are grouped into four main core areas:
Promoting humanitarian principles and values;
Disaster response;
Disaster preparedness; and
Health and Care in the Community.
Red Cross promotes the Humanitarian values, which encourage respect for other human beings and a willingness to work together to find solutions to problems. From the seven fundamental principles, the movement aims to influence the behavior of all the people.
Disaster response continues to represent the largest portion of IRCS work, with assistance to millions of people annually ranging from refugees to victims of natural disasters.
Other Major activities includes-:
hospital services, blood bank, HIV programs, home for disabled servicemen ,vocational training centers, tracing activities, maternity , child and family welfare, nursing, junior red cross activities, preparedness and prevention of communicable & infectious diseases, relief operations in fire, railway & other accidents and events.
Que 4. What is Tsunami ? Give its characteristics. (Summer-14, 15)
— A tsunami is a series of waves with a long wavelength and period (time between crests). Time between crests of the wave can vary from a few minutes to over an hour.
— Tsunamis are often incorrectly called tidal waves; they have no relation to the daily ocean tides.
— Tsunami (soo-NAH-mee) is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. Tsunamis can occur at any time of day or night.
How are tsunamis generated?
— Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the sea bed level.
— Earthquakes generate tsunamis by vertical movement of the sea floor. If the sea floor movement is horizontal, a tsunami is not generated. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are critical for tsunami generation.
— Tsunamis are also triggered by landslides into or under the water surface, and can be generated by volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.
— On the average, there are two tsunamis per year in the Pacific Ocean somewhere, which cause damage near the source.
— Approximately every 15 years a destructive tsunami occurs in Pacific.
— The destructive tsunami on Dec 26th, 2004 on the Indian Coast in terms of its impact seems to have occurred for the first time in the history.
How fast does a tsunami travel?
— Tsunami velocity is dependent on the depth of water through which it travels (Velocity equals the square root of water depth h times the gravitational acceleration g, that is
V =√g h).
— Tsunamis travel approximately at a velocity of 700 kmph in 4000 m depth of sea water. In 10 m of water depth the velocity drops to about 36 kmph. See Fig.2
— For example, the tsunami from Sumatra coastal earthquake travelled to Tamil Nadu coast in about two hours. See. Fig.3
— Even on shore tsunamis speed is 35 – 40 km/h, hence much faster than a person can run.
How big is a tsunami?
— Tsunamis range in size from centimetres to over 30 m height. Most tsunamis are less than 3 m in height.
— In deep water (greater than 200 m), tsunamis are rarely over 1m high and will not be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests).
— As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over 10 times.
— Tsunami heights can vary greatly along a coast. The waves are amplified by certain shoreline and bathymetric (sea floor) features.
— A large tsunami can flood land up to1.5 km from the coast.
— The force of some tsunamis is enormous. Large rocks weighing several tons along with boats and other debris can be moved inland hundreds of feet by tsunami wave activity.
— Homes and other buildings are destroyed. All this material and water move with great force and can kill or injure people.
— What does a tsunami look like when it reaches shore?
— Normally, a tsunami appears as a rapidly advancing or receding tide.
— It some cases a bore (wall of water) or series of breaking waves may form.
— Sometimes a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede by 0.5 – 2.0 km, exposing the ocean floor, then the wave crest comes with a high speed.
— Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the sea.
Que 5. What is principle of emergency management and crisis management?
Principle of emergency management
— 1. Comprehensive.
— 2. Progressive
— 3. Risk-driven
— 4. Integrated
— 5. Collaborative
— 6. Coordinated
— 7. Flexible
— 8. Professional
— 1. Comprehensive – emergency managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases, all stakeholders and all impacts relevant to disasters.
— 2. Progressive – emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.
— 3. Risk-driven – emergency managers use sound risk management principles (hazard identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.
— 4. Integrated – emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements of a community.
— 5. Collaborative – emergency managers create and sustain broad relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus (general agreement) , and facilitate communication.
— 6. Coordinated – emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose.
— 7. Flexible – emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges.
— 8. Professional – emergency managers value a science and knowledge-based approach based on education, training, experience, ethical practice, and continuous improvement.
Summary for principles of Emergency Management
— Principles provide guidance.
— Emergency management lack a set of principles agreed upon by the practitioners (a person actively engaged in profession).
— The principles must be capable of standing the test of time and use.
— Stuff and things are often difficult to fit into neat categories.
— When tied to principles they have a place where they can now fit.
— When on point, the stuff and things reinforce and provide the detail of the principle.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
— An emotionally charged significant event”.
— “An unstable or crucial time of affairs in which a decisive change is impending” (be about to happen).
— “A situation with the distinct possibility of a highly desirable outcome”.
— “A situation that has reached a critical phase”.
— CRISIS - A major, unpredictable event that threatens to harm an organization and its stakeholders. Although unpredictable they are not unexpected.
— Basic components:
Ø Contain an element of surprise
Ø Require short decision time
Ø Pose a threat to an organization
CRISIS EXAMPLE
— Information disruption (deliberately destroyed especially for political or military advantage).
— Hazardous material leak.
— Personnel or customer violent attack.
— Malicious rumors.
— Vehicular death by accident.
— Human breakdowns.
— Organizational misdeeds.
— Workplace violence.
Introduction to Crisis Planning Management
• No business is exempt from crisis.
• Planning requires time and effort.
• Being prepared now can prevent injuries, loss of life, loss of business, minimize down time, etc.
• Identify potential hazards and risks to your business.
• Create a “Crisis Management Plan”.
• Review, practice and update plans.
• Communication (correct, timing).
Crisis Management Realities…
— Prompt action reduces collateral damage
— Prompt action reduces length of crisis &
moves situation to quicker resolution
— Focus on response, not sources of threat
— Not possible to detail every conceivable crisis
— Important decisions made before crisis ever occurs (structure, process, leadership)
— Decisions based on site, location & unique set of circumstances that occur during a crisis
— “Cardiac assessment,” intuition plays key roles
— Tend to victims’ needs immediately, compassionately and completely
— Be prepared … bad stuff happens
— Continuous process requiring annual review.
Que 6. Explain natural hazards in Costal states in India.
Ø India has more than 9,000 km long stretch of coastline including island territories. The coast touches 60 districts spread over 10 maritime states while having a very complex landforms and coastal processes.
Ø The east coast is different from west coast in many respects. In west, there are no deltas but headlands, bays and lagoons are common. The length of the Eastern Coast is approx. 2,200 Kms and the western coast is approx. 2,500 Kms.
Ø By and large, the east coast is known for flat terrain dotted with beaches, coastal sand bars-dunes, backwaters, deltas, saltpans, mangroves and mud flats. The western coast has narrow rolling plains, few sandy beaches and plenty of natural inlets coupled with rocky outcrops.
Ø It is marked by the significant absence of the deltas. The northern coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat and Maharashtra is tide dominated while the southern coast of Karnataka and Kerala is wave dominated. The west coast is rocky cliffy and provides broad continental shelf while the east coast is covered with sediment providing comparatively narrow shelf.
Ø Important sand spits on the east coast of India include ManamelKudi sand spit in Palk Bay, Sriharikota Island, Kakinada or Godavari point spit or Hope Island, Sacramento shoal, False point sand spit, Chilika spit, and Palmiras shoals (mouth of Dhamra River). Formation of Shoals, banks and sand spits are common on the deltaic coast on the east as against west where rivers generally form estuaries.
Ø These variations between the coasts attract different kinds of natural hazards and disasters. However the coastal problems in India are site specific and range from silting of creeks to periodic coastal disasters like cyclones and floods. The complexity is due to varied wave and tidal regimes, coastal configuration and fluctuating sea levels.
Ø The state of Orissa is one of the most disaster prone states in the Indian Union. Orissa's six coastal districts are often subjected to tropical storm systems like cyclones as well as storm induced flooding and surges.
Ø With the burgeoning population, the threat of the coastal vulnerability risk has increased manifold. Severe flooding caused by storm surges during the 1999 super cyclone caused massive damage to life and property.
Ø Although it is not possible to completely wish away the risk posed by such disasters yet much of the damage could be prevented by efficient preparedness plans at different levels of civil society. The need for better access to vital information through a scientific disaster preparedness and response system is long -felt.
Ø The need of the hour is effective risk mapping and assessment. The paper assesses the vulnerability of the Coastal States of India with special case study of Orissa. Through the study of historical data, the vulnerability of the coast is established.
Ø The Socio-economic fabric of the state of the Orissa along with the physiographic conditions is also studied. It focuses on the study of changing seasonal trends understood through cultural semantics. It also tries to address the problem of Cyclone Hazard Risk Management in the coastal areas in relation to the Indian Disaster management Framework.
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